According to one police report, fires had broken out in 83 locations by 12:15. On the night of Abe Is, Shinsai ni ataeta kokuminteki jikaku [Self awakening of the nation as a result of the earthquake]. Article history. Down at the docks of Yokohama, Japans biggest port and its gateway to the West, hundreds of well-wishers were seeing off the Empress of Australia, a 615-foot luxury steamship bound for Vancouver. One of the newly deceased has a memory of being in the woods after the earthquake. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Traditional figures offered words of solace: Crown Prince Hirohito 88 years ago; his son, Emperor Akihito, in 2011. Okutani Fumitomo, Kant no daisaiga wa ikanaru shini ka, 13. This article was most recently revised and updated by, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters, https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923. Media in category "1923 Great Kant earthquake". The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on Sept. 1, 1923. The busy streets of the once prosperous city had been burned to the ground in a second.9 By September 5, more than 33,000 square meters of Tokyo existed as nothing more than blackened remains and ash. [16] A broader classification of fire whirls suggested by Forman A. Williams includes five different categories:[17], The meteorological community views some fire-induced phenomena as atmospheric phenomena. [22] Some fires developed into firestorms[23][24][25] that swept across cities. Fire whirls associated with the bombing of Hamburg, particularly those of 2728 July 1943, were studied. They sought to strengthen the legitimacy of their previously expressed concerns about, and displeasure with, what they saw in 1920s urban Japan, namely decadence, selfishness, extravagance, frivolity, individualism, and the pursuit of luxury. Tenriky Priest Okutani Fumitomo suggested that Tokyo, as the center of many western-inspired, foreign ideologies and behaviors, was singled out by Gods (kamisama ) fury. [43], In response, the government called upon the Japanese Army and the police to protect Koreans; 23,715 Koreans were placed in protective custody across Japan, 12,000 in Tokyo alone. Devastating earthquakes rocked the Tokyo region many times prior to 1923. [33] The name blue whirl was coined because the soot production is negligible, leading to the disappearance of the yellow color typical of a fire whirl. | READ MORE. 5 File Number 131-600, "Collection of 1923 Japan earthquake massacre testimonies released", "Ethnic Korean filmmaker ends 30-year hiatus to tackle massacreThe Asahi Shimbun", "Sewage Disposal and Typhoid Fever: the Case of Tokyo 19121940", "The Big Ones by Lucy Jones | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books", "The Great Earthquake and Fire in Japan: An Interpretation", "The 1923 Kant earthquake reevaluated using a newly augmented geodetic data set", 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Fire Tornado Video, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1923_Great_Kant_earthquake&oldid=1141622422, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles with trivia sections from August 2020, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Aldrich, Daniel P. "Social, not physical, infrastructure: the critical role of civil society after the 1923 Tokyo earthquake. The Philippine plate is estimated to have moved as much as three and a half meters horizontally as well as vertically: parts of the Miura peninsula were thrust vertically upwards by as . Image of Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan, after the September 1, 1923 earthquake. The death toll would be about 140,000, including 44,000 who had sought refuge near Tokyos Sumida River in the first few hours, only to be immolated by a freak pillar of fire known as a dragon twist. The temblor destroyed two of Japans largest cities and traumatized the nation; it also whipped up nationalist and racist passions. Waki Yamato's manga Haikara-san ga Tru actually reaches its climax after the Great Kant earthquakewhich happens right before the wedding of the female lead, Benio Hanamura, and her second love Tousei. Lr endstream endobj 646 0 obj <>stream Ethnic Koreans were massacred after the earthquake. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. The outbreak of World War II and subsequent destruction severely limited resources. J. CHARLES SCHENCKING is a Senior Lecturer in Japanese History at the University of Melbourne. [18], This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kant region. ", This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 00:05. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. If so, they reveal more than they change. Advertising Notice As moments when societies are at their most vulnerable, disasters give opportunists the illusion that a clean slate exists or that a brave new world or unprecedented beginning awaits a city, people, a nation, if only the opportunity is harnessed and used correctly. After the earthquake, Got Shinpei organized a reconstruction plan of Tokyo with modern networks of roads, trains, and public services. [52], The Honda Point Disaster on the West Coast of the United States, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground and 23 people died, has been attributed to navigational errors caused by unusual currents set up by the earthquake in Japan.[53]. The jolt struck at 11:58 am, when many residents were cooking their lunches over open fires. According to survivors, the initial quaking lasted for about 14 secondslong enough to bring down nearly every building on Yokohamas watery, unstable ground. The earthquake disaster was also a human calamity, resulting in the deaths of more than 110,000 individuals and leaving nearly 1.5 million homeless. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. Everyone must remember that many of us ran to flippancy; lacked steadiness; lapsed into luxury; and forgot diligence and frugality. "Voices of vulnerability and resilience: children and their recollections in post-earthquake Tokyo. Susanna Hoffman, After Atlas Shrugs: Cultural Change or Persistence After a Disaster, in, Sat Hiroshi et al., Earthquake Source Fault Beneath Tokyo, Science 309:5733 (15 July 2005), 462465. [24], Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in 19781979, fire whirls ranging from the transient and very small to intense, long-lived tornado-like vortices capable of causing significant damage were spawned by fires generated from the 1000 MW Mtotron, a series of large oil wells located in the Lannemezan plain of France used for testing atmospheric motions and thermodynamics. Great Kanto Earthquake 1923 75 years ago, on 1 September 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in world history hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundings. Perhaps a former refugee site devastated by fire, with burnt cars, tires, canisters, and pieces of debris. Though they may dispute its effects, historians agree that the destruction of two great population centers gave voice to those in Japan who believed that the embrace of Western decadence had invited divine retribution. Army and police personnel colluded in the vigilante killings in some areas. To report the devastation of September 1, 1923, Gounadoptedthe traditional horizontal format of episodes linked by text. These archival images, drawn from the U.S. Geological Survey, AP, and Brown Universitys Dana and Vera Reynolds Collection, show the horrifying wreckage. The police and military in many places stood by for three days, allowing vigilantes to carry out these murders in what is now called the Korean Massacre. The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. The earthquake's force was so great that in Kamakura, over 60km (37mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 121 tonnes, almost 60 centimeters. qT }17GGiHKzB>EW"B =-UJ6)wt^!0&tlMLl;b7"^k+D}; gYCSK Hannah Gould, 'Exhibiting disaster' 47 A deep fissure opened by the earthquake, Nij Bridge, . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Looking back on 1924]. Using the post-earthquake reconstruction period opportunistically, politicians implemented a series of anti-luxury tariffs on goods politicians deemed extravagant or wasteful. The earthquake hit just a few minutes before noon on September 1, measuring 8.2 on the Richter scale. The smiles vanished, remembered Ellis M. Zacharias, then a young U.S. naval officer, who was standing on the pier when the earthquake hit, and for an appreciable instant everyone stood transfixed by the sound of unearthly thunder. Moments later, a tremendous jolt knocked Zacharias off his feet, and the pier collapsed, spilling cars and people into the water. It presented exactly the aspect of a gigantic Christmas pudding over which the spirits were blazing, devouring nothing. The tidal wave swept out a great section of the village near the beach, wrote Henry W. Kinney, a Tokyo-based editor for Trans-Pacific magazine. Post disaster landscapes are, however, also sites of opportunityperceived or real for those wishing to reconstruct or reshape a society. Moreover, twenty percent of the worlds earthquakes of 6.0 magnitude and over each year occur in Japan. In reconstructing the city, the nation, and the Japanese people, the earthquake fostered a culture of catastrophe and reconstruction that amplified discourses of moral degeneracy and national renovation in interwar Japan.[49]. As stoves were overturned and gas mains ruptured, blazes quickly erupted, ravaging the citieswooden houses and anything else in their paths. [16] A broader classification of fire whirls suggested by Forman A. Williams includes five different categories: [17] As it is expected that a massive earthquake will hit the . The 1855 Ansei Earthquake is discussed in Greg Smits, Shaking Up Japan: Edo Society and the 1855 Catfish Prints,. Over 570,000 homes were destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. His current research, teaching, and graduate student supervision interests revolve around natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific. Type 2: Stable or transient, downwind of burning area. The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3.[26]. The Great Kanto Earthquake, sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on September 1, 1923. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-great-kanto-earthquake-195143 (accessed March 2, 2023). In essence, these critiques were based on concerns about the perceived state of urban modernity in Japan; a Japan that many elites felt had lost its Meiji-era values of sacrifice, loyalty, selflessness, frugality, and obedience. A map detailing where the firestorms erupted and the areas that they consumed can be found in Tokyoshi. Ninety-three years ago today, the Great KantoEarthquake rocked Japan, destroyingTokyo and Yokohama and wreakingwidespread damage. [2] Fire whirls become frequent when a wildfire, or especially firestorm, creates its own wind, which can spawn large vortices. The business was leveled. They are provided here in raw scanned quality to preserve as much of the historical value of this document as possible", "The Earthquake and Fires - The Great Kant Earthquake.com", "1923 Kanto Earthquake: Echoes From Japan's Past", "Brother Thinks Consul Kirjassoff May Be Alive", Correspondence American Consulate In Yokohama 1931 Vol. [28] The consulate itself lost the entirety of its records in the subsequent fires.[29]. Fifteen minutes later, they had spread to 136. [25], During the 2003 Canberra bushfires in Canberra, Australia, a violent fire whirl was documented. It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes. [citation needed]. [48] Proposed sites for the new capital were even discussed. Moreover, the earthquake caused nearly 6.5 billion yen of damage, a remarkable figure roughly four times larger than Japans national budget for 1922. My grandfather was there at the time, working for his brother. Thomas Ryan, a 22-year-old U.S. naval ensign, freed a woman trapped inside the Grand Hotel in Yokohama, then carried the victimwho had suffered two broken legsto safety, seconds ahead of a fire that engulfed the ruins. If one were to pour money to earthquake sufferers, why not also direct some to impoverished rural communities as well, asked MP Miwa Ichitar. In the words of social welfare advocate and bureaucrat Nagai Tru, the new Tokyo would respond to the needs of the new era materially and spiritually and thus allow the state to renovate society.18 By October 1923, it became clear that the vast magnitude of destruction caused by the September 1 earthquake and fires was matched by an equally expansive sense of opportunity. In the historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari (Hiroshi Aramata) a supernatural explanation is given for the cause of the Great Kant earthquake, connecting it with the principles of feng shui. And the quake may have emboldened right-wing forces at the very moment that the country was poised between military expansion and an embrace of Western democracy, only 18 years before Japan would enter World War II. In Yuu Watase's 2017 josei manga Fushigi Ygi Byakko Senki, the heroine Suzuno Osugi enters The Universe of the Four Gods for the first time right after the earthquake: her father Takao, who is dying from injuries he suffered when the family house fatally collapsed on him and Suzuno's mother Tamayo, orders her to do so, so she will survive the disaster and its aftermath. These eddies can contract a tornado-like vortex that sucks in debris and combustible gases. These burning embers can be blown away from the fire-ground by the stronger winds aloft. Lying at the intersection of three tectonic platesThe Pacific Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Philippines Sea Plateroughly eleven percent of the worlds seismic energy is released annually under the Japanese archipelago. [54] The park houses a Buddhist-style memorial hall/museum, a memorial bell donated by Taiwanese Buddhists, a memorial to the victims of World War II Tokyo air raids, and a memorial to the Korean victims of the vigilante killings. the Japanese economy in the Great Kant earthquake of 1923. The RMS Empress of Australia was about to leave Yokohama harbor when the earthquake struck. They largely consist of interviews with survivors, witnesses, and perpetrators. The Taisho Emperor and Empress Teimei were on holiday in the mountains, and so escaped the disaster. It narrowly survived and assisted in rescuing 2000 survivors. In 1960, on the 37th anniversary of the quake, the government declared September 1 an annual "Disaster Prevention Day". The initial jolt, lasting just over fourteen seconds, collapsed most of the brick and un-reinforced concrete buildings throughout the Kant region. [55], Maurice Tourneur's 1924 silent film Torment has an earthquake in Yokohama in its plot, and uses footage of the Kant earthquake in the film.[56]. The importance of obtaining and providing accurate information following natural disasters has been emphasized in Japan ever since. A 300-foot-tall fire tornado, or dragon twist, torethrough an area nearTokyosSumida River where tens of thousandshad sought shelter from the chaos; only a few hundred survived. From the waterfront promenade, known as the Bund, to the Bluff, the hillside neighborhood favored by foreign residents, Yokohama was where East met West, and liberal ideasincluding democracy, collective bargaining and womens rightstransfixed those who engaged them. On that fateful day in 1923, thousands of people lost their lives, and millions were rendered homeless. The earthquake, I suggest, fostered a culture of catastrophe defined by political and ideological opportunism, contestation, and resilience, as well as a culture of reconstruction in which elites sought to not only rebuild Tokyo, but also reconstruct the Japanese nation and its people. [13] These representatives likewise opposed virtually all plans to condemn, readjust, and rezone large areas of burnt-out Tokyo without adequate compensation, not only in order to uphold the interests of private land owners who they represented, but also because many MPs believed that such state intervention was well beyond the purview of proper state authority in a parliamentary democracy. Why did i.. Type 3: Steady or transient, centered over an open area adjacent to an asymmetric burning area with wind. The offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami in the bay, which struck the island of Oshima at a height of 39 feet and hit the Izu and Boso Peninsulas with 20-foot waves. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. The earthquake also exposed the darker side of humanity. The quake struck at 11:58 a.m., so many people were cooking lunch. A tsunami with waves up to 10m (33ft) high struck the coast of Sagami Bay, Bs Peninsula, Izu Islands, and the east coast of Izu Peninsula within minutes. The 1889 Meiji Constitution, as many politicians pointed out, guaranteed the right to private property. Aria's birth mother is severely injured by debris and later dies, and this triggers a subplot about Aria's own heritage. Over the long term, resistance, resilience, and calls for a return to normalcy often define reconstruction. [34] The flame length and burning rate of a blue whirl are smaller than those of a fire whirl.[33]. Heaven (ten), he suggested, had illustrated its displeasure with society, and the people were to blame. Shortly before noon on September 1, 1923, along a fault extending roughly northwest by Southeast in Sagami Bay, parts of these plates slipped past each other. The coals from cooking fires moved about on the wooden floors of houses and buildings, fires broke out and quickly spread. When these cleared away fire could be seen starting in many directions and in half an hour the whole city was in flames. Most horrifying of the immediate results was the fate of 38,000 to 44,000 working class Tokyo residents who fled to the open ground of the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho, once called the Army Clothing Depot. The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rockedJapanon Sept. 1, 1923. [39][40][41] Some newspapers reported the rumors as fact, including the allegation that Koreans were poisoning wells. 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