Even though the country has been together for almost a century, it has failed to fully integrate. The Nigerian government recently threatened to declare a state of emergency in Anambra, a state in the south-east of the country, because of rising insecurity. There are over 3 million people internally displaced in Nigeria, forced to flee in their homes in the North-East by insurgency and conflict. The activities of the avengers were responsible for the epileptic power supply in the country as well as the inability of state governors to pay workers salaries due to the low revenue generated in the oil sector as a result of the attack on pipelines. Serial Number: Name Of States:Their Capitals: 1 Abia State - Umuahia. A paper presented by Director Panning Research and Forecasting, NEMA, to participants of the National War College Course 13, at the . Beyond the external-internal dichotomy, sources of insecurity have also been classified as either remote or proximate and immediate sources/causal factors. EM also helps one to immediately identify major cause of failure and then restore asset or equipment to its normal working condition. Your email address will not be published. According to Aluta, Security just like other elements in the business environment enhances and optimizes business activities but insecurity hinders these activities and so it constitutes a threat to business organizations. The administration has also pledged an equitable transfer of wealth to the people, which should be implemented. Unpredictability is one of main disadvantages of Emergency maintenance as one does not when failure is going to occur. Searches can be conducted without a warrant, suspects can be arrested and detained without being charged, special laws can be enacted to punish those who flout the emergency rules, quasi-judicial bodies can be set up to try offenders, rights to lawful assembly and freedom of expression and communication can be restricted, the Nigerian government can decide to take over the executive and legislative functions of the affected state, destruction and confiscation of private property without compensation to the victims. Following the military's truly outstanding performance after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, there were calls for active-duty troops to take a more robust - and even leading - role in disaster operations, to include law enforcement. The Nigerian government requires a rebirth. ppt/slides/_rels/slide13.xml.rels Emergency, I think all of you are familiar with this word. Nigerian education has a significant difficulty. By using our site, you Insecurity affects the general human security of the people as the situation promotes fear, while at the same time limiting the peoples ability to work effectively. The formulation and effective implementation of policies and programs capable of addressing the root causes of insecurity in Nigeria is crucial, especially with regard to poverty; unemployment, environmental degradation, injustice, corruption, porous borders, and small arms proliferation. It is theorized by many that fighting corruption and winning the war will bring about an egalitarian society, where fairness, social justice, and equal right for all will reign supreme; where rights will not be privileges for some people, and for others, privileges are their rights: where every Nigerian will be treated and accorded position not based on tribe and sect, but on merit defined in terms of the content of his character, mental capacity and ability to deliver; where there will be no discrimination. Such that there is the temptation to lose sight of the fact that such a declaration can also arise due to natural disasters and calamity as provided for under section 305(3)(e). Social Media Anxiety Disorder is another disadvantage of social media. A state of emergency is a situation which allows the government to increase powers in the area. Fikayo Olowolagba. This frequently causes a sense of perceived unfairness by the government and its agents towards these communities. Corruption: Many of Nigerias issues are caused by corruption. a. Nigerians must come to embrace the truth that, despite the fact that the country was founded by the British, we are all one people. The Principle of Federal Character, which stipulates that all states are represented in the federal government, was included in the constitution to address this issue. Failure of successive administrations in Nigeria to address challenges of poverty, unemployment, and inequitable distribution of wealth among ethnic nationalities is one of the major causes of insecurity in the country. Nigeria was ranked 144th out of 177 countries on Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index in 2013, making it one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Non-indigenes especially Igbos and Yorubas have to return to their home states before they are killed by Boko Haram. Ordinary citizens having small and medium scale businesses cannot open shops for business transactions. Nigeria was the 33rd most corrupt country in 2013, mathematically. Inconsistent economic policies: In Nigeria, every Government comes into office in with their own economic policies which often differ from the policies of the previous administration, hence the previous policies suffer fatally from poor implementation because before it is fully implemented to produce maximum result in our economy, the tenure of the initiator will elapse, and the policies will not be implemented further by the proceeding administration, so therefore resulting in a situation of an ever changing and poorly implemented economic policies which does no good to the growth of our economy. 0]&AD 8>\`\fx_?W ^a-+Mwj3zCa"C\W0#]dQ^)6=2De4b.eTD*}LqAHmc0|xp.8g.,),Zm> PK ! j. Inequality: This is due to the governments and its agencies apparent favoring of people or regions belonging to one tribe over another. Donate now Human Resource When there is a high level of insecurity in a particular area or region, there will be migration of people which could lead to a dearth of skilled labor. You also gave solutions. 0]&AD 8>\`\fx_?W ^a-+Mwj3zCa"C\W0#]dQ^)6=2De4b.eTD*}LqAHmc0|xp.8g.,),Zm> PK ! the Government of Nigeria declared a state of emergency with the imposition of curfews. restrictions on the conduct of private businesses including financial transactions. Even if you dont live in Nigeria, youve probably heard of Boko Harams kidnappings of hundreds of children, predominantly girls, from schools and communities in northern Nigeria in 2014. In Nigeria, election tampering is not uncommon. Those who advocate for one tribes supremacy over others should be warned and potentially sanctioned. s Nigeria problem. In June, the rate of severe acute malnutrition was 19 per cent among children - the emergency threshold is 3 per cent. This effort will enhance the operational capabilities of the Nigerian security agencies by identifying avenues that would enable them to respond appropriately to internal security challenges and other threats. g. Since we are all aware of our economys job dilemma, everyone should strive for a back up plan. If there are no jobs in the economy, try to create some. Nigeria is currently experiencing this situation in many parts of the country especially in the terrorist fields of the northern part of Nigeria. New values have taken over their place over the years, with the so-called modernity and civilization. Economic crisis: Nigerias economic situation has deteriorated significantly. [2] The study has shown that at a speed of about 30 km/h, tricycle occupant is prone to. 8. The situation in Anambra State can be described as merely local or relatively isolated threats to law and order. Finally, dealing alone with the issues mentioned above will not appraise the root causes of insecurity. Abstract. "Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the President may by instrument published in the Official Gazette of the Government of the Federation issue a Proclamation of a state of emergency in the Federation or any part thereof". Elimination of Corruption and Entrenchment of Social Justice Corruption is viewed by everybody as the cog in the Nigerian wheel of progress and development. No planning is involved and no tools and resources are collected that are required to resolve issues as such issues occur unexpectedly. He mentioned that the crime rate in Nigeria is extremely high. 2. Lastly, state insurance departments assist in making insurance available to consumers. EiEWG is a coordination forum functioning within the principles and . In that case, foreign firms and entrepreneurs would decline to invest and this is particularly important in view of the efforts being made to create the desired atmosphere to attract foreign direct investment. 1. 0]&AD 8>\`\fx_?W ^a-+Mwj3zCa"C\W0#]dQ^)6=2De4b.eTD*}LqAHmc0|xp.8g.,),Zm> PK ! The general view is that peace and security are determined by good governance. If we scored ourselves so low like this, how can we be rated any better by foreigners? Radical Change in Values A paradigm shift of values from the current order has also been suggested and emphasized by many, considering the role of values in the governance system, leadership developmental goals, and behavior towards corruption. It was during the presidency of Olusegun Obasanjo . It must also be done on the basis of an objective assessment of the situation. The president has the power to proclaim a state of emergency in any part of Nigeria by publishing the order in the official government gazette. The daily massacres, kidnappings, bombings, and rape carried out by Boko Haram throughout the country are quite concerning. Everyones main priority is not to deal with such type of maintenance. FILE - A woman carries a placard as she shouts a slogan during a "Walk Against Rape" march in Lagos, Nigeria, Oct. 5, 2011. This generated heated debate about the legitimacy of declaring a state of emergency. K= 7 ! Nice one! National security cannot be invoked as a reason for imposing limitations to prevent merely local or relatively isolated threats to law and order. Federalism produces a stronger and stable nation: Another advantage of federalism is the fact that it produces a stronger and stable government in power. 5. 22. The Socio-Economic Development-This factor is strongly considered as the major key to peace and security in Nigeria. In addition, the Government at all levels should not compromise in enforcing the law. The administration has also pledged an equitable transfer of wealth to the people, which should be implemented. During the enforcement of emergency rule, however, these principles might not be adhered to. Therefore, efforts to tackle insecurity can only be effective if there is a robust combination of legislative and judicial interventions with government reforms that address some of the acute human security challenges confronting a vast majority of the population. Insecurity, therefore, becomes a drain on local and national resources at the expense of development and peoples well-being thereby, having adverse consequences on economic growth and development. Development in this context consists of creating an economy with relevant social, economic, and physical infrastructure for business operations and industrial growth, to provide gainful employment, high-level education facilities, and medical care for the people. The federal government can use the power at its disposal to encroach on the powers vested in the states by the Nigerian constitution. The conditions are set out in Nigerias 1999 constitution. Challenges faced by Nigeria currently Without a reliable road system, business suffers. When these situations exist, the crime rate is bound to rise and the security of lives and properties cannot be guaranteed. All our endearing values and morals have been traded off for western values. He states that the war against insecurity would be won only by raising governance standards that is, cultivating the culture of good governance where the government is responsible and accountable to the people. b. Many Nigerian graduates did not acquire useful skills during their education. Summary. There should be an institutionalized approach rather than the episodic and reactive response adopted by the government in the aftermath of attacks. Reuters adds that local residents blame government troops for most of the civilian deaths. This definition reflects physical insecurity which is the most visible form of insecurity, and it feeds into many other forms of insecurity such as economic security and social security. x|J%H7rN`%_rGb@X\v0/t)'.C; th7_w'unVvjJ~ix 53qQmbI+>ocuj6XXj5Lkf`uAvlALk0/!8N>:F'8NpStl!~W,~_7,NgOfO{iT-jkxt-!(mCVx`o! VfpVA/7ev0=_0M)Lc This is a rooted general perception of inequality and unfairness which has resulted in a grievance by a large number of people. Recommended: Best Programming Languages for Artificial Intelligence. The Nigeria insecurity situation can, and in many cases, actually halted business operations during the periods of violence and also caused the outright closure of many enterprises especially in the areas or zones where incidences of insecurity are rife and are on a daily occurrence, in a bid to protect lives of operators and business property. The Siracusa Principles limit which rights can be infringed. Thus, in the absence of any real threats to security, expenditures on security can be reduced significantly, allowing national and local governments to channel more resources to other public goods to improve the quality of life of the people. However, Nigeria in recent times has witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity such as Boko Haram activities, banditry, kidnapping, Fulani-Herders-Farmers clashes that resulted in Ondo State issuance of Quit notice to Fulanis in the State. Conducive environment: some states lacks police infrastructures such as college, clinic and adequate resources to sustain the desired policing. (Trading Economics 2018). The "petroleum-rich" Nigerian state, confronted by sociopolitical instability, high degree of corruption, mass hostility to the "public," and poor macroeconomic management, continue to display the attributes of a state in crisis (Akinola, 2008).Successive governments in Nigeria, like in many African states, lack the political will to initiate or sustain policy or structural . Nigerias environmental and health standards are deplorable. on. Politics overtime has done more damage than good in Nigeria, by sometimes leading to loss of life's and properties. Inflation is a significant issue in the country. Any engineer or contractor who does not complete his work properly should be held accountable. All of these values which made society secured and safe have all gradually been thrown away and lost. The judiciary ought to have, at this stage in our development, evolved time scales for cases. The security challenges in Anambra State over the past weeks do not in any way qualify for the proclamation of a state of emergency. Ethno-Religious Conflicts These have arisen from distrust among various ethnic groups and among the major religions in the country. Like in many other societies, the sources of insecurity in Nigeria have been traced to a number of factors and explained by different people. He mentioned the following as solutions to the issue of insecurity: Leadership development- It is viewed that Nigeria will have to develop visionary leadership, a leadership that is detribalized such that it has at leadership positions only people who are able to inculcate in their people or followers, the idea of common citizenship as the transcendent factor among all Nigerians, no matter the tribe, gender, religion, economic and social status. This perception stems from the perception of marginalization by a section of the people, government development policies, and political offices and this has become a primary source of disaffection and resentment. It can be more costly than expense of regularly implementing preventive maintenance. Unemployment/Poverty -As a result of the high level of unemployment and poverty among Nigerians, especially the youths, they are adversely attracted to violent crime. 1 President Jonathan declared a State of Emergency in Adamawa, Borno and Yobe. The use of violence to combat violence is unlikely to succeed in eliminating terrorism since it will result in the deaths of many innocent people. The argument for this is that such leaders will help to mold the contending ethnic and religious groups into harmony and help to remove the perceived mutual distrust among them. Welcome to the Education in Emergencies Working Group Nigeria (EiEWGN) Website. 7. Also, the porosity of the Nigerian borders has made it possible for an unwarranted influx of migrants from neighboring countries such as the Republic of Niger, Chad, and the Republic of Benin. The challenge in solving the insecurity problem in Nigeria is to accelerate the pace of development. The insecure environment of business refers to insecurity variables that affect the performance of a business but over which the business enterprise has little or no direct control. 0]&AD 8>\`\fx_?W ^a-+Mwj3zCa"C\W0#]dQ^)6=2De4b.eTD*}LqAHmc0|xp.8g.,),Zm> PK ! A State of Emergency Proclamation Enacted to Avert the Threat Against National Existence and Sovereignty: Whereas, it is the government's legal duty and moral responsibility to safeguard the existence and sovereignty of the nation from internal and external enemies; Nigeria is one of the countries in the world with very high rural/urban drift. Between 2001 and 2006, just $50 million of the $240 million needed for road repairs was paid. In addition, some firms have shifted their operations to other countries like Ghana which is deemed to be more peaceful. These unexpected failures can be dangerous and might cause greater damage to health, safety as well as working environment. The implication is manpower shortage for the business which ultimately affects the success and survival of the business. They prefer blanket references, with the consideration that the causes of insecurity are interwoven and contributory to one another. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Pervasive Material Inequalities and Unfairness Greater awareness of disparities in life is a major root cause of insecurity in Nigeria. There. In turn, it minimizes loss. . Security and development are also related in the sense that being a public good, the imperative to maintain security competes with other public goods such as education, health, and infrastructure for public funds. 2. There ought to have been a time to determine a cause; time to close that case; and time to deliver judgment and pass sentences. The problem of Internal Land Conflicts: Land ownership disputes have frequently caused conflicts among Nigerians. The ethnoreligious conflict was defined as a situation in which the relationship between members of one ethnic or religious group and another of such group in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society is characterized by lack of cordiality, mutual suspicion, and fear, and a tendency towards violent confrontation. On the upside, Nigeria benefits from its relatively large market size, which bears the potential for significant economics of scales; a relatively efficient labor market, driven by its flexibility, and a solid financial market following its gradual recovery. There is an unspoken belief that ethnic majority dominate the affairs of the country, which makes minorities feel like second-class citizens in their own country, not for any fault of their own, but just because they are few. One can say that emergency is a dangerous situation that requires immediate and quick action. Apart from the outright closure of a business enterprise, an existing business can also be affected in the four functional areas of business shown below such as production, marketing, finance, and human resource (H/R). In order to facilitate this collaboration, Memoranda of Understanding have been signed by several United Nations agencies; these agreements aim to clarify roles and responsibilities in emergency relief and rehabilitation programmes, and outline commitments to joint activities within agency competencies. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 as amended empowers the country's President in section 305 to declare a State Emergency in the whole country or any part thereof if the country is involved in any crisis situation caused by either human beings or natural phenomena such as earthquake, floods, erosion etc. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is usually investment targeted at building new factories or investing in actual production activities which create jobs. The underlying principle of good governance is the focus on people as the ultimate objective of governance. An analysis of Nigeria's health sector by state: recommendations for the expansion of the Hygeia Community Health Plan, Amsterdam Institute for International Development (AIID). World Bank on the investment climate in nine African countries in which it was found that 29% of business operators in Africa and 36% in Nigeria perceived insecurity as a major constraint on investment. Civilians in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger continue to be affected by grave violations of human rights, widespread sexual and gender-based violence, forced recruitment and suicide bombings. See Reasons. Graduates are usually required to live with their parents for lengthy periods, which can lead to discontent and pessimism. It is safe, secure, and can not . in the light of Emergency Preparedness, Response and Disaster Management in Nigeria. An inter-agency assessment mission fielded in Nigeria in May 2014 showed that between 2013 and 2014, in six states affected by the crisis (Adamawa, Borno, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe) the number of IDPs had . In Nigeria, there have been major national disasters in the last few years. In order to ameliorate the incidence of crime, the federal government has embarked on the criminalization of terrorism bypassing the Anti-Terrorism Act in 2011, fundamental surveillance as well as investigation of criminal related offenses, heightening of physical security measures around the country aimed at deterring or disrupting potential attacks, strengthening of security agencies through the provision of security facilities and the development and broadcast of security tips in mass media. Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal capital territory.Each of the 36 states is a semi-autonomous political unit that shares powers with the federal government as enumerated under the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.The Federal Capital Territory (FCT), is the capital territory of Nigeria, and it is in this territory that the capital city of Abuja is located. By. The following additional powers can be exercised under emergency rule: massive deployment of the armed forces to take charge of security in place of the policy, invasion of peoples privacy (including homes and offices). Therefore, the government, civil society groups, business organizations,s, and individuals must fight insecurity so as to create an enabling environment where business organizations will feel free and secured to achieve their full potentials and the country will itself be safe to achieve sustainable development. Ethnicity: Nigeria, Africas colossus, is the worlds most populated black country. Evidently, there has been a decline in foreign direct investment in Nigeria. Nigeria is regarded as Africas country with the highest unemployment rate. Problems in Nigeria and Solutions: Nigeria is Africas most populated country and the worlds sixth most populous country. Why eNaira? Factors hindering the development of Nigeria. The immediate factors which caused Nigerias insecurity situation are inexhaustible. 6. (Section 305 (1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended), Cap C23 . Disadvantages of declaring a state of emergency If the President had declared a state of emergency in South Africa, there would have been a limitation on the citizens' rights. The isolated cases of arson, killings and destruction of public and private properties do not threaten the survival or national security of Nigeria. More often, however, policymakers are disinclined to isolate and clarify particular causes. Boko Haram kidnapped roughly 276 Chibok schoolgirls on the night of the 14th and 15th of April in 2014. Also, this avenue was used to pay tributes to the late Chairman of Protection plus Services limited and Director of the Nigeria South Africa Chamber of Commerce, Dr. Ubong King. In all parts of Nigeria, there exist ethnoreligious conflicts and these according to him, have emerged as a result of new and particularistic forms of political consciousness and identity often structured around ethnoreligious identities. They apply for jobs, but owing to a lack of credentials, they are not hired. Recommended: Causes, Effects and Solutions to Brain Drain in Nigeria. It is argued that except our values are right, we cannot get it right as a nation in all of the areas that we have itemized, and except we get it right in those areas, the people will continue to suffer deprivation and injustice which will cause dissatisfaction and disaffection and consequently create an insecure environment. Policies that focus solely on single governmental agencies, such as security agencies or the enactment of laws are unlikely to succeed. With the lingering security challenges and the inability of the security apparatus of the government to guarantee safety and security in the country, the question that borders everyone in Nigeria today is can there be security? Is the security of lives and properties achievable? In the case of Nigeria, there is also evidence of some businessmen and manufacturing companies having to relocate particularly from the North in recent time, to other peaceful parts of the country. Insecurity everywhere is a risk factor that business owners and managers dread and wish to avoid by relocating their businesses elsewhere. Good governance good governance is the panacea for the insecurity challenge in Nigeria. It is generally argued however that security is not the absence of threats or security issues, but the ability to rise to the challenges posed by these threats with expediency and expertise. Many of these assailants are disgruntled and jobless teenagers. 0]&AD 8>\`\fx_?W ^a-+Mwj3zCa"C\W0#]dQ^)6=2De4b.eTD*}LqAHmc0|xp.8g.,),Zm> PK ! When the Governor duly proclaims the existence of conditions of disaster or of extreme peril to the safety of persons and property within the state caused by fire, flood, storm, epidemic, technological failure or accident, riot, drought, sudden and severe energy shortage, plant or animal infestation or disease, earthquake, explosion, terrorism, . Your email address will not be published. Education system: Students who attend tertiary education institutions are usually unemployed and depressed. For example, a person can be too high of a risk to be desirable to standard insurance providers. A group of terrorist invades the town meanwhile Smith (Saint Obi) identifies them as former members of squared twelve in the military: Their mission is to disrupt the peace in the nation through. Most urban areas in Nigeria have grown beyond their environmental carrying capacities and existing infrastructure and this has resulted in increased poor quality of the living conditions in urban areas in Nigeria. It focuses on the emotional and psychological sense of belonging to a social group that can offer one protection). Nigeria once Africas largest economy continues its downward trend due to coronavirus issues, Banditry, Endsars, and other security vices. Instead, a coordinated preventive measure is necessary for addition to military strategies and judicial institutions. Emergency maintenance does not increase lifetime of equipment. ppt/slides/_rels/slide12.xml.rels One of main advantages of emergency maintenance is that there is no initial planning involved so initial cost involved to maintain equipment before failure occurrence is safe. Aluta pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between different causes as each may require a different remedy. Lack of skilled personnels: Brain drain has become a common phenomenon today, as our highly skilled professionals are now relocating to countries where there are quality infrastructures to work, great standard of living, and a good pay to match. According to the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 244,000 children are suffering from acute malnutrition in Borno state and on average 134 die every day from this. 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