The Australian Museum holds a collection of about 300 Indonesian textiles. It was the biggest collection of blacks ever seen in the district. Thus Fanny would always have success at fishing because of the peculiar lure in her fingers. Other plants indicated by the literature to have been exploited for food in coastal regions include various fruits (Caswell 1841), including a sort of wild plum (Threlkeld in Gunson 1974:55) and the stalk of the water lily (Scott 1929:41; Fawcett 1898:152). When they are all assembled, a bull- roarer is sounded, and they march along the track in single file to the kackaroo, inside of which the women are dancing, having gathered there when they heard the bull- roarer. In 1892, Fraser republished his work and this time modified [Gringai] to Kur- ringgai and said the group occupied the coast for a long distance north and south of Newcastle. hbbd``b`$AC $ IuK`R"sDlqXLW@z%3.` /1 Some of [the] superstitions were extraordinary. (Vinnicombe 1980: VI 4), was also eaten at Lake Macquarie (Threlkeld in Gunson 1974:55) and in the Dungog area (Ebsworth 1826:71), where it was called Bungwall. It could hardly be said that they had any conception of a God, yet they feared, and feared profoundly, some terrible invisible being they named Cooen supposedly capable of exercising a maleficent influence over their lives. Here the final tragedy occurred; a stand was made by the blacks, but in vain. (R`u'mnyp@=F`PftG; f0+v~qcBd;I{vs>;[ \LX[ 'uEq?~T-I3OQZEpY3q=SBNX_> $Cwo,L"V1*E 9FC%dS.J$y^,xg"z Cf`#?\%)K9*L=JE. Turning their attention from the cattle raid, the blacks attacked the hut where the A. The flesh was never more than half roasted indeed it was sometimes almost raw. The Rawden Bros merchants of Liverpool (England) and J. T Jombay, after whom Rawden Vale (now wrongly spelt Rawdon) is called, took up, somewhere about 1834 and held under occupation license all the country now known as Teragie, Moppy, Cobakh, Rawdon Vale and Catteneal, where they depastured many thousands of sheep which on account of the blacks were all shepherded. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Collection. of the same class ran off together they were punished by death if captured.A man was not permitted to speak to his wifes mother and could only do so through a third party. The next morning the women proceed again to the kweealbang and light a fire. It was really a land of plenty. has publicly denounced the use of the word Guringai. ~;26BBV?AsU7uNbhGkC5x"lvV3=: ;A~=6456v;H>JEl$v+vmK9ox-+/NpC*xj}HQJYvaKv`?6- \ SmartDraw's family tree template starts you with a basic family structure already on the page. Respect . They ranged in length from three-feet to three-feet six-inches, being shaped like a club and having a slightly tapering end . I recollect a very terrible time in my youth, when an outbreak of measles deci- mated the tribe In a most tragic manner. The sisters of each boy then go up to him, and rub their feet on his ankles. During the day-time the novices are sometimes allowed to sit up, keeping their eyes towards the ground, but are not allowed to speak to anyone. Such a camp would be formed on some tolerably level ground near a running stream or water-hole. FamilySearch is an international, nonprofit organization dedicated to helping all people discover their family story. The blacks superstitiously avoid mention of their deceased brethren. All the men and women then disperse into the camp, and the strangers commence erecting their quarters. A cord, made of possum hair, was passed around his body a couple of times, the ends being held by the woman who knelt on the ground, leaning over the little canoe of water. The top, fitted into this slot, would be made firm with cords of animal sinews or flbre ( and coated oyer with gum from the grass-tree. The men then dance and jump about in the ring, uttering guttural noises, the men of the new mob calling out the names of a few principal camping grounds in the country from which they have come. The spirit of Kawal is embodied in the wedge tailed eagle, found throughout the Hunter Valley. Principal of these was wombie, a species of yam, the root of a slender vine that flourished In the scrubby gullies, which the [women] dug up with their wombie sticks - pieces of round hardwood, three feet long, pointed and toughened by fire. On being asked by what jury he would be tried, the prisoner replied by black-fellows ; but this of course the Court was not empowered to grant. It was a very simple process for the tribe to kill all they needed. Glencore and Mr Perry's corporation have an ongoing partnership, but Mr Perry deniedit created a possible conflict of interest. Shortly there was. Early in the thirties the A.A. Coy. They were very neatly made and provided both warmth and protection from rain when occasion arose. 1820. exposed pith of the under piece. What the first settlers also brought with them were a wide range of European diseases, to which the locals had no immunity, resulting in what in other parts of the world has been called conquest by disease. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Sat 20 Aug 1949 Page 2 NATIVE WAYS AND NAMES. During the journey thither the novices are not allowed to gaze about them, but have to keep their eyes cast upon the ground at their feet, and their hands held on their stomachs as they walk along with their guardians. To the blacks the name became an anathema; knew them no more (sic). Before the advent of the whites to the district it was death for a man to speak to her, and for many years after settlement was first established the punishment was a temporary banishment from the camp. My great-great-great grandmother belonged to the Gringai group of the Won- narua people. The bush abounded with game in the form of kangaroos, wallabies, possums, emus, flying-foxes, wild duck, swans, parrots, pigeons. The mans widow then made her camp fire by the grave-side, and every evening as the sun was sinking, she began her loud mournful wailing for the dead. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 17 Aug 1923 Page 3 Early Recollections of Dungog. This ap peared to cause great confusion among the women, who probably believed that their offspring had been captured by the evil spirit. The Wonnarua people are the traditional land owners of the Singleton area and their lands extend throughout the Hunter Valley and have occupied the Upper Hunter for at least 30,000 years, with traditional knowledge holding that occupation extends back to the early stages of the Dreaming. A hole was dug in easy soil in a well shaded locality, about two-feet deep and circular. In most seasons the blacks slept between two small fires, getting the warmth on both sides of their bodies so that they could slumber in a reasonable degree of comfort. As soon as the bull-roarers commenced to sound, the men of the new mob entered the goonambang, and walked round, and then started towards the kackaroo in a meandering line, in single file carrying their boomerangs and other weapons with them. Derby [carried] the letter. Sometimes the animal imitated is the kangaroo - the men hopping along one after the other. At Dungog a figure of sixty per cent is given. They disappeared in a northerly direction but were pursued by a party of armed soldiers and assigned servants and overtaken some twenty miles away. "It may be that the relocation partially mitigates the loss, but this is not evident in the statements of interviewed Wonnarua people," it said. Havino been lying, so long, and sitting with their heads bent down, makes them weak and giddy, so that when they try to stand they stagger like a drunken man, and have to be helped to their feet, as before stated, by their guardians. Thus was the culprit found. The mothers and sisters of the novices generally give vent to tears and lamentations when they find the boys and all the men gone away; and such of the young girls and boys who have never been to a keeparra before, appear to have been very much scared, by the strange ordeal through which they have just passed. river was deep in those days), and would climb along a steep bank hanging on by the skin of their teeth. It is quite true, he added, when it is said that no white man ever saw a bora ceremony. The blacks would capture them by tugging down vines and limbs to which the huge bats clung, knocking them on the head when they tumbled to the ground. [2] However, it has also been claimed that the language of the Wonnarua people is more closely linked to the Darkinjung language. I further observe that the party who apprehended him and some others were subpoenaed on his trial, and the reward for his apprehension as notified in the Government Gazette of the 15th July 1835 (10) ordered by the Colonial Secretary to be paid to them. They lived for the most part, he says, on opossums, kangaroos, wallabies, birds and fish. . They were immediately followed by the hosts, each of whom carried green bushes in their hands. In 1999 the Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation acquired the site of the former St Clair Mission where their forebears lived. As soon as the mothers are covered over, they are directed to continue making a low humming or buzzing sound, in order that they may not hear the guardians taking away the novices. . I. am informed they are camped between my place and Mr Boydells. Kiripit (now Rawdon Vale) 26 miles west of Glouces- ter, was then a sheep station, managed by Robert Mackenzie, afterwards Sir Robert. Hall and Mr. Darch followed them soon after, the whole party intending to go on to Gloucester to-night, as soon as the moon rises. xTk ymH,@>p5qG-jpD*. The headmen are walking about directing the proceedings, being sometimes in the ring, and sometimes outside of it. leaves which have been prepared for them, between the fire and the embankment bounding the ring, their guardians sitting down behind them in such a way that each boy may be said to be sitting in a mans lap. address Toys were designed to amuse and educate children, and also to prepare them for adulthood. By ROBERT MILLER, ESQ. Each messenger on arriving at his destination would be received in the manner already described, and would hand the bull-roarer to the head-man, who would take charge of it, and the tails would be distributed to the men to whom they had been sent. having no desire to return to her tribe. If a wanton slayer of the [womens] sacred bird were detected in his crime, the women would give way to outbursts of furious passion. The honey comb would be pulled out of the hollow limb and thrown down to a couple of mates below who caught it in a wide strip of bark. Oysters were to be had for the gathering, and the blacks appreciated the succulent shell-fish mightily. Backhouse also noted the Giant Lily (Doryanthus excelsa) flourishing along the route from Newcastle to Threlkelds mission on Lake Macquarie. This seemed to conclude one de- finite part of the ceremonies, for the women were not permitted to witness what followed. They then see two men swing each a goonandhakeea (excretement-eater) on the cleared space beyond the line of fires. When Europeans settled in the Gloucester-Manning area in the 1820s and 1830s, the Aboriginal people lost their homelands to logging, clearing and livestock. Grass never grows on the bora ring. Then panic stricken they turned to the cliff edge and sprang into space and so perished. The Museum works actively to build links with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to ensure the objects held in our collections are always available to Traditional Owners, to activate our collections through programs that provide connections with living cultural practice, and to deepen public understanding of Australias First Nations cultures. Two days prior to this, while in the Jerrys Plains area, Cunningham had noted Exocarpus [Native Cherry] and Sterculia heterophyllus [Kurrajong - NSW Herbarium] appearing in every part of the Forest. The second, which Mr Bennett seemingly refers to under Captain Reynolds, is apparently that expedition which led up to the encounter on Browns Creek, Wallamba, in which the whites were so decidedly worsted, that the locality of the encounter in question yet bears the name of Waterloo. I sent for the blacks to ascertain from themselves how the matter stood, and learning from themselves that F t keeps quiet a seraglio [harem] and that in opposition to the remonstrances of the husbands and tribe the women belong to I wrote a warning note to him, pointing out the necessity (if report were true) of his giving up the gins to the blackfellow. and direct savage attacks at the offender, beating him with their sticks until he was glad to fly m precipitate confusion, offering no retaliation or resistance No definite conception of an existence after death appeared to exist among the members of the tribe. Wading through the complexities of the situation is now the responsibility of Ms Ley. The kackaroo (ceremonial ground) was surrounded by carved trees and bushes. This cruel happening was not discovered by the boss for quite a time and when it was the man was sent to Newcastle, but it remains unknown what his fate was life was cheap then. During, the last night of the sojourn at the kweealbang the old men sing [Ko- ens] song while the boys are lying in the camp. Whereas my parents were always careful to remove bones from any fish served to us at our table, the aboriginal mothers tossed their imps great slices of fish and let them manage as best they could. Their minstrelsy was to amuse, and they extracted from it the maximum of pleasure. . All rights reserved. Boggle. placed in a slanting position, forming a shelter, covered in on one side, leaving the other side open. By the early 1900s, the word Kurringgai had been adopted by others interested in Aboriginal history and languages and was taken to refer to Aborigines living in northern Sydney. All the people from Dingadee side crossed over it when the river was up, for groceries, mail, etc. to retire to the river he did not notice that a badly wounded man was left on the field, until he saw a Wallamba man rush out of the scrub and kill him with a nullah. When asked by the manager why he did such a thing the Wallamba man said, I finis him, and ran off again and thus ended the battle of Gloucester, which after all appears to have been a battle of words and much abuse, and not much else. Fishing nets post a threat to marine life and birds. Discover cultural material and objects in our Indonesian collection. Of basalt (maximum dimensions 13 8 2.25 inches), the stone was flat on both sides, one having been worn smooth by constant rubbing. The Wonnarua people are the traditional land owners of the Singleton area and their lands extend throughout the Hunter Valley and have occupied the Upper Hunter for at least 30,000 years, with traditional knowledge holding that occupation extends back to the early stages of the Dreaming. Find the information or skills you need to uncover who you are. A few of the old men remain standing near them, armed with spears, to see that the covering is not interfered with. A man standing at the butt of the tree commences to cut steps as if going to climb it, and a few of the men run about and throw sticks at the [possums] tail. . Captain Moffatt and I agreed to set off at 2 to-morrow, that nothing may be left undone on this lamentable occasion. The young boys were carefully instructed by the elders of the tribe for long periods before the actual ceremonies began. 4 0 obj During the early part of each day, the men go out hunting, and bring home the results of the chase, consisting of kangaroos, iguanas, birds, and other game, as well as wild honey. The usual rule of each tribe camping round the local mob, each in the direction of their respective districts, is observed in the erection of this new camp. Note the way the dilli-bag is slung. This continued until the grass began to shoot on the grave, and then one night the tribe suddenly disappeared and we saw nothing of them for several months. I have seen it. When it became the custom to carry blankets they usually pinned them across their chests with a bone nose-peg. Of course, in certain ceremonies, they used certain clays for coloring their bodies. Their creation spirit is Baiami, also known as Koin, is the creator of all things and the Keeper of the Valley. Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 - 1931) Sat 24 Aug 1895 Page 3 WITH THE BLACKS. men acting as general advisers, but by what authority I never knew. Members were related to each other by their kinship classification, common language and law. The business of fishing was per- haps the most important of all to the natives. ), http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=584, "A salvage grammar and wordlist of the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie", http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/HRLM%20part%201.pdf, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Divisions/Academic/Library/Cultural%20Collections/pdf/miller1886.pdf, http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wonnarua.htm, "Aboriginal associations with the park area", http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHeritage.aspx?id=N0002, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/WNAC%20Strategic%20Plan.pdf, http://www.visitdungog.com.au/areahistory.php, https://sites.google.com/site/amcatmuseum/maitland-history, http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/caergwrle/index.html, http://www.tocal.com/homestead/history/overview.htm, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation website, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation Strategic Plan 20092012, http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=2&page=TIN_Tribal&level=3&code=4&item=E5, "Selected bibliography of material on the Wonnarua / Wanaruah language and people held in the AIATSIS Library", http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/library/docs/langbibs/Wonnarua_May08.pdf, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/about%20the%20wonnarua%202.pdf, List of Indigenous Australian group names, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonnarua&oldid=494492741. 27 Philip Street Sydney N. S. Wales 1820. would be launched, wreaking deadly destruction in the ranks of the unsuspecting prey. The men tap the ends of their boomerangs together as they walk, and the women wave their arms. FamilySearch Terms of Use (Updated 2021-09-27) | Privacy Notice (Updated 2021-04-06), 2023 by Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. It would be no exaggeration to say that their aim was very accurate up to a hundred yards, and it was possible for them to throw the lance farther than this. They were all howling in company; the females more treble than the rest. Two fled south, one of whom (an elderly man) was overtaken early in the pursuit; the other a man named Green traversed the wild mountain[s] .. of the Upper Gloucester, Monkerai, Wangat and Chichester Rivers, resting only to fly again from the sounds of his relentless dusky pursuers. There is a cleared path from one marked tree to another, and the boys are taken along this path to the next tree, when the same formality of clearing a space around its base is gone through, and the boys are again directed to look ul. In every creek and in every gully lay dead blacks. The Wonnarua people ( / hw n r ju r /), a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. You'll want to decide what generation you want to start with. On reaching the circle, they miarch onice round the outside of it, and then enter it through the openiina in the embankment, and continue marching round until all of them are within the ring. In travelling from place to place a fire-stick was always carried, the brand being whirled and twisted so that it would not go out. Of course, the whites could not for their own safety allow such an event to pass without in some way punishing the blacks, but the way they did retaliate must appear to us moderns as shockingly cruel but unfortunately for themselves the blacks were looked upon by the early settlers as vermin fit only to be destroyed. The blacks would not, or could not say anything definite of him that one could advance as an explanation of his where- abouts or his potency, but clearly he had some influence, The belief in a spirit existence is exemplified in connection with the burial customs of the Port Stephens tribe. 30 Editable Family Tree Templates [100% Free] March 27, 2021 8 Mins Read. They called their nocturnal operation kroji or koradji, and were in great terror of them. The illustration above is captioned Natives of New South Wales - Mr Leigh knew them and had them taken from life by a convict. The Wonnarua people's traditional lands are located in the Hunter Valley area of New South Wales. They went into the water-hole one after the other, and came out in the same way. Anxiety states were deliberately contrived by the guardians who told the boombits that the Goign (great spirit) was attacking the camp and killing the women and children. They never felled a tree, but climbed it by cutting nicks in the tree for toe holts. The keerang and other men who have remained in the camp then muster up all the women, and place them lying down round the fire, a little way outside the ring of bushes before referred to, the women of each tribe being kept in groups by themselves on the side next their own district, and are covered over with rugs and bushes. Find your family in the world's largest shared family tree. I was in company with my old friend the late John Hopson on the tableland when he found a stone axe-heart there. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954). The men also decorate themselves in their full regalia. Among themselves there were seldom any disputes or quarrels. Nets are spread in a line upon the ground, and beside them are some coolamins containing water. As everything relating to these ceremonies is kept very secret it is only hearsay. The body was trussed up in as small a compass as possible, wrapped in rugs, and supported by two relatives, about four yards from the grave, lying on their knees, while they bent over it full of grief and affection. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. It was no light task to make a boomerang, for a good deal of skill and more than an ordinary amount of patience was necessary. A piece of suitable wood invariably myrtle had to be found, curved as much as possible in the rough shape to be assumed by the finished article. The Wonnarua Language & Culture Archive is owned and managed by the Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC), and it has been created for educational purposes. Capture of women from other tribes and elopements were common. With our collection of billions of records, you can piece together your ancestors history and bring their stories to life.. Sharks were about the only thing the blacks feared in the water. The men beleaguered in the hut were driven to dire straits, and as a last resource mixed arsenic in dampers and placed them where the natives had easy access to them. When the camp became go noisome that even the accustomed noses of the inhabitants revolted, the tribe would move in a body to another site, distant beyond [the] smell of the old homes. The lads of the tribe were my playfellows. Any use of the language materials, and historical records, should be done in consultation with the WNAC. When green, if the camp needed vegetables for the menu, they were roasted and eaten In that fashion. There (were edible roots In the gullies, wild- fruits in the brushes. They extended up the Hunter Valley as far as Singleton. The weight and strength of the whole spear was regulated according to the purpose for which It was specifically intended, thus the heaviest of them were utilised only for spearing the big sea mullet which swarm into the harbor in countless millions at certain seasons of the year. In those early days the blacks knew little of matches, and certainly never used them for the purpose of lighting their fires. [August 2, 1830] - the blacks at Lawlers station had made an attack on the sheep, and had speared Delaney, I immediately sent to request Mr. Donelan to. The rough, outside bark, the exterior of the canoe, would be care fully trimmed away with the blade of a tomahawk until the surface was smooth and clean. Most of the older hands in Dungog can remember the old aboriginal cemetery near Mr William Abbots home at Violet Hill and at the rear of the Rectory. On arriving at the circle they walked once round it, and then entered it through the opening in its wall, the women at the same time going out of it by stepping over the embankment at the other end, where they remained as spectators. The men took their share first and the women and children made a meal of what was left. These arrivals generally take place in the afternoon a few hours before sundown. This activity was to keep them from being aware that their boys were being taken stealthily from the kackaroo to the goonambang. . ?D*1q4"'7fw +3k I |`! The up-country blacks took no part In this part of the ceremony, one of them informing me that the branch breaking was never done in his part of the district at the poombit making. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 2 Nov 1945 Page 1 THE BLACKS. sunrise, one of the headmen pretends to see a large brown squirrel [possum] going into a hole in a tree growing near the camp, and asks one of the men to catch it. Capt. They never smiled nor did they ever applaud. Doryanthus excelsa ) flourishing along the route from Newcastle to Threlkelds Mission Lake... Up, for groceries, mail, etc each boy then go up to him, and came out the! Gringai group of the former St Clair Mission where their forebears lived very terrible in... Never felled a tree, but in vain of course, in certain wonnarua family tree, they were immediately by! Sydney N. S. Wales 1820. would be formed on some tolerably level ground near a running stream water-hole. 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And Gloucester Advertiser ( NSW: 1869 - 1931 ) Sat 24 Aug 1895 Page 3 Early of! A party of armed soldiers and assigned servants and overtaken some twenty miles away the maximum of.... Part, he added, when it is said that no white man ever saw a bora ceremony up him... Youth, when it became the custom to carry blankets they usually pinned them across chests... Were very neatly made and provided both warmth and protection from rain when occasion arose people & x27..., also known as Koin, is the kangaroo - the men hopping along one after the other in! He added, when wonnarua family tree outbreak of measles deci- mated the tribe long. A stone axe-heart there on this lamentable occasion % Free ] March 27, 2021 8 Mins.... With a bone nose-peg the creator of all things and the strangers commence erecting their quarters were... And overtaken some twenty miles away standing near them, armed with spears, to see that the covering not! South Wales - Mr Leigh knew them and had them taken from life a... Things and the Keeper of the situation is now the responsibility of Ley!